Chewing gum and method of making same



July 29, 1930. l G. B. MUSTIN "1,7715982 CHEWING'r GUM AND METHODv OF MAKIG SAME Filed Sept. 10. 1928 2 ShBOtS-Sheet 1 July 29, 1930.

` G'. B. Mus-NN CHEWING GUM AND METHOD OFMAKING SAME Fild sept. 1o,v 1928 2 sheets-shut 2 WITNESS Paieafed July 29, 1930 UNITED STATES GILBERT IB. MUSTIN, F LANSDOWNE, PENS-YLVANIA CHEWING GUM AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Application led September 10, 1928. Serial No. 304,935

Heretofore diiiculty has been experienced in making chewing gum, strong in flavor and pleasant to taste, because the masticable material in the gum does not readily take up or absorb very much of the flavoring material. It is only by using a lavoring material of a relatively high concentration and in quantity several times greater than that used by confectioners inftlavoring a sugar confection, that a'satisfactory flavor can be imparted to the gum.

Sugar or confectionery -made substantially of sugar, will absorb and retain almost any avor, and the flavor of such confectionery is readily recognized as being what the .consumer regards to be the true flavor, although to impart that lavor to confectionery is required a very much smaller amount of avoring material of a lower concentration, than'that required tojimpart a much less pronounced liavor to the masticable portion of chewing gum.

One object ofmy invention is to produce a chewing gum having a fuller, stronger, richer flavor, than that obtainable by the usual 'methods of making chewing gums, and with a smaller quantity of-'lavormg material of lower concentration. ,r

A further object of my invention is to yproduce a piece of chewing gum wherein the masticable insoluble ingredients are in one layer or ply of the finished piece of chewing gum and the main or substantial' iavor for the piece of gum is on one or more lies or layers of a creamy, non-crystalline ry confectionery, unitarily and inseparably united to the first-mentioned'layer.

A further object ot` my invention is to producea piece of chewing gum wherein a layer of chewing gum of good quality is firmly inseparably united to one or more plies or layers of a non-crystalline smooth, non-hydro-v layer of gum, when the piece of gum as a whole, is broken or severed.

A further object of my invention is to provvide a manner of making a laminated sheet or base sheet whic'hnmay be subdivided in a 55 variety o't ways to form individual strips, sticks, pillows, drops, disks and flat pieces of various shapes,` said pieces being all composed of a layer of chewing gum proper and one or more layers of smooth, non-crystalline grit-free iavored sugar confectionery inlavoring ingredient for the piece, and which does not crack oii",`or flake off or break away from the piece of gum when the piece is l broken or severed. A

Other objects of my invention will be disclosed in the specification and claims below.

In the drawings forming a part of this specification. and in which the same reference characters are enployed throughout the various views to designate the same parts,

Fig. 1 indicates, in plan View, two relatively large thick sheets of lozenge dough and one like large thick sheet of masticable material, which may be any chewing gum of good quality," said batches being formed in any suitable convenient manner, preferably by a rolling action.

Fig. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional fragmentary View of a portion of a thick two-ply composite sheet, one ply of which is composed of a chewing gum material and the other ply of which is composed of a confectionery dough.

Fig. 3 is a similar fragmentary `vertical cross-sectional View of a thick three-plycomposite sheet, wherein the intermediate ply is of chewing gum material and the two outer plies are of lozenge dough.

Fig. 4 is a somewhat diagrammatic illus- I tration in vertical--cross-section of the manner in which the three-ply sheet shown in Fig. 3, may be reduced in thickness, by a roll- 10( ing action, and how the thickness of the lies, composing said composite sheet, are re uced in thickness proportionally,

Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4 showing a continuation of the rolling step on the composite sheet shown in Fig. 4 and the resultant reduction in the thickness of the composite sheet and of the plies thereof.

Fig. 6 is a side elevational or ed e view of what Il have termed herein a aminated plastic ductile base, from which individual ieces of chewing gum may be formed. This ase is produced by rolling the composite sheet shown in Fig. 3 until its thickness is reduced to what the completed piece of gum is to be.

Fig. 7 is a plan view on a reduced scale of l a vportion of. the sheet, shown in Fig. 6 and shown in Fig. 10, may be scored and sub' deeply scored to `form a.. large number of small thin individual stri s or sticks or pieces which maybe readily broken away from the sheet/'when cool.

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary7 sectional view-on a larger scale than that of Fig. 7 of the finished base sheet showing the deep scorings which are indicated by lines in Fig. 7 and showing the ends of the intermediate ply substantially covered withv the material of the confectionery layers. p

Fig. 9 is a pers ective view of a finished individual piece o chewing um made in accordance with my improve rocess.

Fig. 10 is adiagrammatic illustration of the manner in which a relativelynarrow strip, cut orv severed from such a composite.

sheet, as is shown in Fig. 3, may be reduced in thickness down to the thickness of the finished piece of goods, by passing the strip through a series of pairs of rollers, each 0perative to reduce the thickness of the composite sheet and also to proportionally reduce the thickness of the various plies.

Fig. l1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing how a strip, thicker than that shown in Fig. 6, and delivered from the last of the reducing rollers of the-` mechanism divided longitudinally into sticks or pillows. Fig., F12 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the stripof Fig. 11 after the same has passed through the scoring means; and Fig. 13 is a plan view ofthe same.

' Figs. 14' and 15 are sectional and elevational viewsrespectively of another manner of making pillows or tablets from the composite laminate base' similar to that shown in Fig. 6, but somewhat thicker, bypassing the base sheet through rollers having closely arranged series 'of recesses' with tapered walls', and recesses in one roller being brought intog'egistration with those in the other roller,l when the rollers are rotated at the same surface speed. 4 1 Fig. 16is a plan view pia finished piece of gum, produced by the operation of the mechanism, shown in4 Figs. 14 and 15, and separated from the sheet at the scoring. u

Fig. 17 .is a side or edge elevational view .of the same showing how the inner ply or 'layer ofl chewing gum is substantially coin-,

pletely enclosed by the confectionery dough after passing through the mechanism shown in Figs. 13 and 14; and Fig. 18 is a similar cross-sectional view taken on the line 18-18 of Fig, 16.

Figs. 19 and 20 are respectively a vertical sectional view and a rear elevational view of a portion of a pair of coacting grooved rollers in which t e grooves on the one roller register with the grooves on 'the other roller to subdivide the laminated base into a plurality of rods or pencils.

Fig. 21 isa side elevational view ofthe rod produced by the mechanism of Figs. 19 and 20 and showing the rod divided by scoring into pencils of appropriate length; and Fig. 22

is a cross-sectional view of a finished pencil of gum, taken on the line 22-22 of Fig. 21.

In making my improved stick, strip or piece of chewing gum, I first prepare a plastic mass or batch or loaf of smoothcreamy, noncrystalline plastic flavored confectionery dough, such as lozenge dough, theductility of which is not substantially changed by ordinary variations in temperature between and 150 F. Ialso similarly prepare a batch or loaf of chewing gum com osed of the materials usually. employed in t e making of commercial chewing gums of good (piality, the .ductility of which increases as t e temperature risesand which is readily rolled and worked betwen the temperature of 80 and 150 F.v The batch of chewing gum is preferably avored with the same avoring as that employed in the confectionery dough because one of the main objects of my invention is to produce-a chewing gum having any single, simple davor of the many well-known and leasing avors which are available to the ma ers of confectionery.I Thetemperature of the batch of chewing gum material is broughttoa point whereatf its plasticity or ductility is substantially the lsame asthat of the confectionery dough and v I roll out the confectionery dough into one or 'morethick sheets 1, and at the same time roll out the chewing gum material into a similar thick sheet 2 as clearly indicated in Fig..1. These sheets having substantially the same plasticity and ductility and being relatively thick,-that is to sa'y, considerably thicker than the layers and plies will be in the finished individual piece of m,-ar e superposed one on'the .other to 'ma e a composite or laminate sheet of two or more plies.

If I desire to make a two-ply piece of u one thick sheet or piece, of confectionery dough 1, upon asimilar thickpiece of chewing gum material 2, to form the thick composite sheet 3EL as indicated in' Fig. 2. I generally prefer to make a' three-ply piece of chewing gum, wherein the gum is substantial- 1y covered by the confectionery and is therefore protected from contact with the atmosphere, and I place one thick sheet of chewing gum material 2 `upon a thick sheet 1 of confectionery dough and upon the thick sheet 2 of chewing gummaterial I place a second sheet 1 of confectionery dough, thus making the thick composite three-ply sheet 3.

While these thick layers or plies 3 or 3a are warm and the ductility of the chewing gum layer 2 is substantially like that of the confectionery layer 1, I progressively roll out this thick composite sheet by any .suitable rollin@r means, as with a rolling pin 4 indicated 1n Figs. 4 and 5 into the thin composite base sheet 5 shown in Fig. 6..

Fig. 5 illustrates a contmuation of the rolling step shown in Fig. 4, and the thickness of the composite` sheet further reduced from what is indicated in Fig. 4, but not down to the thickness or thinness of the base or foundation sheet 5 indicated in Fig. 6. Because the ductility of the materials constituting these plies 1 and 2 is the same, the thickness of these plies of the composite sheet 3 are proportionally reduced by the reduction in thickness ofthe composite sheet 3 and the.

finished base sheet 5 will be composed of as many plies 1 and 2 as there were in the thick sheets 3 or 3a.

While this base.' sheet 5 is in a soft andpliable condition it may be and preferably is `divided with scorings 6,' 6, at right angles to each other, dividing the composite base 5 into` a large number of like individual pieces 7, connected by a thin web of material 8, as clearlyindicated on an enlarged scale in Fig. 8. The scored sheet is then put aside and allowed to cool whereupon, when cool, the individual pieces Z may be readily snapped from the main sheet and packaged in any desired manner. l

,In carrying out the process above described, I have discovered'that the rolling action to which ,the layers 1 and 2 are subjected, as indicated in Figs. 4 and 5,-pro

duces a very firm union of the plies 1I and 1` to the ply or layer 2 of gum. Since the plasticity of the materials of these layers is substantially the same, the material of one ply appears to flow into and mix slightly with the material of the adjacent ply at the planeof theirw contact so that there is no clean line of demarcation or cleavage between any two plies. The plies'cannot be pried apart and separated from each other.

Moreover, this rolling action and this intimate contact ofthe plies appears to effect the transference `of some of the moisture and gummy content of the intermediate ply 2 of gum into the contacting or engaging layer or layers l of confectionery material with the result that the ph sical properties of the outer plies l of con ectionery material are substantially changed. Insead of being brittle and frangible, as the lozenge material normally would be upon drying, the outer confectioneryplies 1 Vof my improved piece of chewing gum upon standing remain creamy to the taste but dry and non-tacky to the touch, and are slightly elastic or pliable so that when a piece of my laminated chewing gum is broken or severed or slowly bent, the confectionery' material does not crackle or snap or chip or break away or break back from the point of severance free from the layer of gum, butremains as an intact layer of the piece of gum up to the very point of severance or break.

I may reduce the thickness-of the composite sheet, diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 3y

down to a laminated base material, such as is shown in Fig. 6, wherein'the total thickness of the laminated base of gum 7 shown in Fi g. 9 is only about si; of an inch which is the thickness of an ordinary piece of chewing gum as packaged and placed on the market.

Of course, it is not necessary to reduce the thickness of the base 5 down to these small dimensions. Indeed, in one form of my 1nvention, the thickness of the'intermediate ply 2 of a finished piece of chewing gum is about 1/4 of an inchl and the plies or layers of confectionery material are thicker than they are' in Fig. 7, vas will be discussed below.

This feature of my invention is discussed at the present time, however, because I wish to make it plain that when the quantity of chewing gum in an individual piece ofmy improved gum. is substantially less than that contained in an ordinary piece of gum of substantially the same size, I may and preferably do substantially increase the insoluble congum is substantially like thatof' present day commercial chewing gum of good quality v `,withrespect to chicle, glucose, sugar and Havering ingredients and proportions thereof to each other.

f In Figs. 10 to 13, is diagrammatically illustrated a modified methodof making an- 'other form of my .improved product, whereprovide three sets of co-acting rollers inI 4**-4b between which a narrow strip 3b from a thick composite sheet 3, such as is shown -in Fig-3, may be progressively reduced in thickness. In this case, however, in order to preserve the width of said strip 3", one roller, (e. g. roller 4") of'each of the sets of connected by a'thin web 8 of unslevered mal terial.- When cold, these ieces or series-of pil1ows 7'L ma be severe or broken apart to form individual pieces 7a to be packed in cartons, or the scored pieces may be packaged in' suitable lengths andthe individual pillows 7 may be broken oil 'as one consumes the bar or stick of gum.

In Fig. 14 I havedisclosed a further modication of myinvention wherein thev comosite base as is shown in Fig. 6, is passed etween a pair of rollers mounted on parallel axes and Iwith their peripheries substantially in contact, each cylinder 4 and 4d having its surface provided with a series of tapering Vrecesses 11' adapted to bebrought into registration with each other as the rollers rotate in the direction indicated by the arrowsin Fig. 14. The walls of these recesses are preferably tapering to provide a. substantial draft so that the chewing gum moldedf therein, may not stick therein. Because the outer edges lof the recesses 11 of the rollers are in contact or substantialv contact, they substantially form knives 10a-#10b for deeply scoring or severing the individual pieces 7: of gum formed in' the recesses 11. Each iece of gum 7 will be of the pillow or cushion shape and each, will be severed or nearly severed from the adjacent pieces. The taperedside walls of recesses 11 will force the materialof the la ers 1-1 downthe sides and ends of an individual piece of gum '7"l so that the masticable layer 2 may be completely covered 'or encased in a-coating 1* of lozenge` confectione as clearl indicated in Fi 16,17and'iy8 y` ,gs c In Figs.v 19 to 22, I have illustrated a modification, wherein the laminated base sheet 5 is passed between ya pair of co-acting rollers 4 and 4each 'having a seriesof circumferential grooves 11? substantially semicircular in cross-section. Theedges 10* of these grooves 11'L are preferably in Vcontact or,

close. I may provide sharp transverse edges 1()b in the ooves 1].'l to divide the pencils 7l" formed in .the grooves'll into suitable lengths. The open spaces between the roll-1 ers 4 and 4' are substantially circular.v When the'composite sheet 5- is passed through these rollers, 1t will be divided into strips 5'* and then shaped'into cylindrical pencils 7", each -havinga core 2 of gum substantially surykeep the product clean.

rounded by a layer l" of lozenge dough tightly pressed against the core 2 so that the coating will be slightly penetrated by the material of the layer 2 and the confectionery, when dry, will be smooth and slightl flexible.

`-Tlle c'oatin will not chi or brea ofi' from the core w en a piece gum is broken or severed nor feel crisp or crackly or gritty in the mouth. The pencils or rods 7* so .formed are providedwith suitable scorings 6, so thatwhen the pencils are cool they may be 'broken apart and packaged in any suitable manner..

If it is desired to make certain that thev core 2 of the pencils 7b is absolutel completely encased in the coating 1 it 1s only necessar to manually roll the pencils over a smooth ard surface and thus cause the soft plastic confectionery dough to flow circumferentially of the pencil and cover anyex- "posed edge of the corel along the line of its severance from the multiple ply base sheet ticularly for the purposeof imparting a ull,

-rich davor to the chewing gum but the confectionery layer willbe slightly iexible when dry. Such a piece of gum should be I wrapped in a protective wrapping of tinfoil or waterproofpaper to prevent moisture of f the air from a ecting the product.

But when a chewing gum made in accord-` "loo ance with my process above described is com` posed of a base 5 of three layers, the individual pieces 2'-77b will be substantially covered on all sides with a surfacing of lozenge confection which is not hydroscopic or deliquescent and which protects the h droscoplc layer yof gum from contact wit the Such pieces of gum do not reatmosphere. qure a special wrapping of tinfoil or waterproof paper, but they may be wrapped to In carrying out my im roved recess, 1n any of the wa s above escribe the` base material out o .which the 'individual pieces lare ultimately formed by sub-dividing the VIHS base, is a composite strip 5er 5* com dc of two or more plies or layers, Aone' p y of chewin gum material andthe other ply or plies o lozenge. confection inseparabl united under 'a pressure suilicient to force t e material of one layer into the material ofthe l other layers and to impart to the normallyl brittle confectionery, a-exibiht'y smooth@v ness or creaminess, which that con ectione Awould not have were it not so the layer .ofchewing gum. l I

I am alware that theilg vil. on the eiiarket a. type ofc ewing gum w 'c isterm candy coated and. invwhcha mass of masticable y aan, associatedwit4 chewing gum is enclosed in a coating or surfacin of brittle, crystalline sugar candy and t at such chewing gum is usually in the form of pillows or cushions having rounded corners and edges, but the confectionery or candy which is so used is applied by a panning process. Such candy coated gums are made by rolling the pieces of gum around 1n a warm pan containing melted sugar, and the melted sugar accumulates on and covers the gum in the same way that almonds are covered with a coating of sugar. Blut these candy coatings are not soft like chewing gum. The candy is brittle, crystalline and gritty. When bitten the piece crackles like crystalline sugar, whereas when a piece of my gum is bitten the feel in the mouth is like that of ordinary uncoated gum. l

By reason of the firm adherenceof the lozenge confection to the layer of chewing gum and to the reteition in the confection of a llavoring material sufficient to give a full strong flavor to the gum and because the normally brittle lozenge material does not break off or'crumble away from the gum during the mastication of a piece ofgum, the con@ fectionery material is readily mixed with the gum by the process of mastication and imparts to the masticable portion of the gum the full, strong natural flavor carried by the lozenge confection.

And because this lozenge confection will retain other flavors which may not otherwise be imparted to chewing gum made in the ordinary way, I am enabled to greatly increase the catalog of flavors for chewing gums ,and to produce in such gum the taste or flavor that is found in a piece of confectionery or sugar of that flavor.` By imparting wherever. practicable, the same flavor to the masticable gum as that which is imparted to the coating therefore, I produce a product which when put into the mouth and masticated, has the full rich well recognized aroma or taste of the flavor given thereto and when all of the confection has been` dissolved ofl and out of the'masticable portion, there will still remain in the gum as much or more of the fainter flavor as is foundin ordinary chewing gum which has not been so enriched.

.While I havevfound that confectionery material known as lozenge dough is well adapted to my process, I do not wish to be construed as strictly limited rto the use of lozenge dough for unless specifically claimed, -the use of any confectionery material composed in the main of sugar, and which when dry is not tackyor hydros'copic or gritty, or crystalline and which when dry, becomes slightly elastic or flexible and which will retain enough of the flavor to impart tothe chewing um, a rich full natural flavor, is fully l within the aim and scope of my invention.

Moreover, the flavor of my chewing gum. may be readily indicated by the color of the l v I l I piece of gum, for to the lozenge material may e given any of the colors, employed by candy makers, to conventionally indicate the particular vflavor of the piece,-e. g. green for mint, pink for strawberry, red for wintergreen, white for peppermint, yellow for lemon, orange for orange, so that, after once becoming familiar with the colors used in different flavors of my improved chewing gum, the purchaser may readily select the flavor desired, by the distinctive, identifying color of the piece. Moreover, the variety of colors which may so be employedv greatly adds to the attractive appearance of the product.

In my copending application, Serial Number 304,934, filed September l0, 1928, is disclosed and claimed one of the modifications herein described and wherein a thin, flat piece of chewing gum composed of plies or layers of chewing gum and lozenge confection'inseparably united.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent of the United States is l. The method of making chewing gum,

vwhich consists in preparing a batch of plasthe material of one of said batches upon a similarly thick sheet of the other ofsaid batches, forming therefrom a laminate base sheet Yby rolling under pressure said coinposite sheet thinnerand thinner, down to the thickness ofthe finished piece of gum to be made therefrom, said rolling being effective to evenly reduce the thickness of said composite sheet as a whole, and to reduce the thicknesses of said plies of said composite sheet substantially alike, and to force a little of the material of each ply into the material of the adjacent ply throughout their-'planes of contact, whereby there is imparted to said ply of confectionery dough, when dry, a'

slight flexibility, by the incorporation thereinto of the small amount of the material of said ply of chewing gum material, and whereby the adherence of said plies to each other is such that the ply of confectionary will -not chip offorbreak away or separate from the said ply of chewing gum material when the finished piece of chewing gum, made therefrom, is severed or broken, and then di- Y viding said base'sheet, so formed and 'iii-a plastic condition, into a plurality 'of like inv dividual pieces.

2. The method of making chewing gum, I

which consists in preparing a batch of plastic flavored confectionery dough, the plas-` ticity and ductility of which is not substan-y tially changed by variations in temperature,

\ of the, adjacent plies in t eir lanes of contility of which varies with t and which normally becomes brittle and inflexible'when dry, and pre aring a batch of chewing gum composed oft e materials,- usually employed in the making of commercial' chewing gums of good qualit, and the duce temperature and increases as the temperature rises said 'last-mentioned batch being maintained at a temperature at which its iductility is sub stantially the same as that of said confectionery dough, 'placing' a relativel thick sheet of said chewin gum material etween two similarly thick s eets of said confectionery dough, then formin 4a three-ply laminate base sheet by'rolling un er pressure said composite sheet thinner and thinner, down to thethickness of the finished piece of gum to be made therefrom, said rollin being oper v ess of said ative to evenly reduce the thic com osite`sheet as a whole, and to reduce the thic esses of said lies of said composite sheet substantially allke, and Ato force the material of each ply slightl into the material tact, whereby there is imparte to said lies of confectionery dough' when dry a s 'ght flexibility, by the incorporation thereinto of the s mall amount of the material of said ply of chewing m material, and whereby the adherence o said plies to each other is such `V that the plies of' confectionery will not chi of or break away or vseparate' from the sai ply' of chewing ished piece o chewing therefrom is severed or roken, and then molding said laminate base sheet so formed into a plurality of small like individual pieces and simultaneously forcin the confectionery dough of' said up er and l the side and en edges of each individual molded iece to enclose the ply of chewing gum wit in said confectionery material.

3.*Au individual consisting of amasticable core of chewing gum material and a coating of smooth noncrystalline lozeng'e confection enclosing said core on allsides, said coat' which is normally inflexible when dry, bemgslightly flex- 1 ible, when ,so united, with the said core, and

when

ticablecore. Y

l In witnesswhereo'l have hereunto set my hand this 7th dagI of Sel tember 1928.

gum material when the finv being made ower plies around piece of chewing gum,

dry havingfsubstantially the consist v I eney of saidcore of chewing gum and containing, the substantialflavor for said mas- ILBE 'rnirnsrm n 

